The paper will discuss how you will use horticulture in the future Term

The will discuss how you will use horticulture in the future. This can include career choices to being a homeowner - Term Paper Example After completion of school, I plan to become self employed through venturing into the horticulture sector. This is the form of agriculture where the farmer ventures into plants that mature within a short period for human use. Horticulture is becoming a popular trend in the globe due to increase in population, which reduces the land available for conventional farming. I will obtain a loan or grant from the government and lease a small piece of plant for farming. I plan to build a greenhouse, which will enable me to control the environment. The green house will enable me to grow a number of fast growing plants that will be sold in the local market. The funds from the sales will cater for personal expenses and service the loan acquired. The information learned from the agricultural class will enable me to select the right crops to plant depending on the demand in the market. Future earnings will be invested towards increasing the size of the green house. The target market will be the local food stores and grocery stores. The benefits of horticulture farming include the increased resistance to disease and natural conditions by the plants. I will ensure that the customers enjoy organic products free from any chemicals. The foods planted in the green house also highly nutritious compared to the foods planted in the open fields. This is because nutrients are not lost to the environment through leaching and erosion. I will practice mixed farming to ensure that nutrients are not used up in the soil. I also plan to rare animals like portray and rabbits to help replenish the nutrients in the soil. Droppings from the animals will help maintain the soil fertility (Shry & Reiley, 2011). Educating the future generation will ensure food security in the future. The youth should be taught how to undertake profitable farming that pays more than white-collar jobs. Smart farming ensures

Chemistry of antiscalants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chemistry of antiscalants - Essay Example Conversely, Phosphonates, polyphosphates and polycarboxylates react with minimal quantities (Singh et. al., 2008). Threshold inhibitors are the name that refers to the chemical agents that inhibit scale and work at quantities below the stoichiometric level. These inhibitors foil the whole process of precipitation. Various mechanisms take place when interfering with the process of precipitation. The first manner is the modifying of the crystals into shapes that make it impossible for attachment with other crystals. Secondly, the inhibitors attack the forces that bind the particles into precipitation to break the bond necessary for the precipitation. The third mechanism is through impeding the growth of the particles to bring a non-precipitation zone. Despite the effectiveness of the antiscalants, other indispensable factors determine the whole process. These factors comprise of presence of other ions in the solution, the temperature, the PH and the ratio of super saturation. Moreover, the heaviness of a polymer matters a lot when the antiscalant is polymer (Singh et. al., 2008). CACO3 crystallization is a process that is intricate and requires great understanding to know the reaction that takes place with the antiscalant. The various mechanisms with which the antiscalant inhibits the precipitation are under one method of â€Å"charges attraction†. The antiscalant is always negatively charged and it gets attracted to the area with the crystals, which is positively charged. The definition of threshold inhibition is assumed from this description. Threshold inhibition thus refers to the fusing of the particles of the inhibitor to the crystal-filled arena that is rich with ions. The surface of the crystallization zone tends to be loose and hence creates a space for absorption of the inhibitor’s particles. Once the inhibitors have penetrated to the inside of the crystals, the formation of crystals is in interference. It delays the beginning of crystalliz ation since the walls that would bind the crystals are filled with the inhibitors particles. The first crystals cannot be detected since the inhibitors particles impose a derailment between the period of super saturation state and crystallization (Singh et. al., 2008). Consequently, the crystals form but the inhibitors attack to tamper the growth sites. It thus obstructs the normal reaction that would have to happen. The inhibitors modify and alter the growth of the crystals. Results from the modification of the crystals, is retarded crystals that do not have the strength to stick on metal materials. These crystals are then electrostatic charged and thus posses repulsion with particles with the same side charges. It makes the crystals not to converge and clot (Singh et. al., 2008). There is a common fact that phosphonates are better threshold inhibitors than polycarboxylates. Contrarily, polycarboxylates are better dispersants than phosphonates. Both chemical agents show their react ion when in a solution in inhibiting scale threshold. In a condition where the level of super saturation is low, the phosphonates can be the ultimate solution. Conversely, where the level of super saturation is high, polycarboxylates can salvage the reaction (Singh et. al., 2008). Polycarboxylates have properties that can help in dispersing of particles that are useful in a condition of high super saturation. It is a

PG Pakistan

PG Pakistan Introduction to the Project:- I would like to introduce our product, I choose the product Pampers by Procter and Gamble. I analyzed the marketing environment of the company and its competitors around, on the whole the main focus will be on the marketing mix of the product which will include Product, Price, Place and Promotion analysis, Including the brief summary at the end of the project with some conclusions and recommendations. Brief History of the Company:- PG Pakistan is a subsidiary of the Procter and Gamble Corporation the leading consumer goods company with a mission to improve the lives of consumers wherever it operates. PG is an international Company reaching out to almost the entire world population with more than 250 brands in 130 countries. Many of these world brands (Ariel, Tide, Pert Plus, Pantene pro-V, Head Shoulders, Pampers and Always) have become famous household names and are found in almost every home. Headquartered in Cincinnati-Ohio in the USA, PG has local operations across the globe in more than 80 different countries, including numerous manufacturing sites and 18 RD-technical centers. PG is an internationally owned company with publicly traded shares, currently owned by over one million shareholders from around the globe. PG employs over 100,000 people from all over the world, spread evenly between 1-USA, 2-Europe/Middle East and Africa and 3-Latin America/Asia. PG hires and respects individuals regardless of rac e, color, religion, gender, age, national origin, citizenship or disability, and actively promotes diversity within its organization as well as in its business operations. Procter Gamble started its operations in Pakistan in 1991 with the goal of becoming the finest global local consumer goods company operating in Pakistan. With commitment came growth, and in 1994 we acquired a soap-manufacturing facility, a sprawling 7-acre land at Hub, Balochistan. Over the past nine years, the plant achieved state-of-art manufacturing technologies and quality assurance processes. With a recent strategic investment of 5 million dollars, the bar soap production capacity jumped three-fold. As a company Procter Gamble have always believed in the potential Pakistan has as a country and a nation to develop and excel. No wonder PG Pakistan, within the last 12 years, has reinvested over $100 million in Pakistan and has contributed close to seven billion rupees to the Pakistani governments revenues over the last 5 years in the form of sales tax, customs and excise duties. That is also why 99% of the jobs that PG Pakistan creates in Pakistan are held by Pakistanis. All this makes PG a more locally involved company than many companies actually headquartered in Pakistan P G quotes We proudly celebrate being a part of the Pakistani way of life. (Official Website Statement) Something about our Product:- Our product is Pampers and the brief history of Pampers is as follows:-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Victor Mills was an American chemical engineer who, while working for the Procter Gamble Co., revolutionized child care with the invention of the disposable diaper; he began work on that product in the 1950s, using his grandchildren as test subjects (b. 1897d. Nov. 1, 1997). (Britannica Encyclopedia) Evolution of Pampers:-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Evolution of Pampers has been carried out through its invention in 1950 to present year 2006. Today, Pampers offers a variety of customized sub-brands to address a childs growing (and going) needs. Globally Pampers is the undisputed leader with over 50 percent of the market share. Addressing an international stronghold, the home page of Pampers on web shouts out a welcome to over 20 different nations, offering versions of the site in many languages. In line with its aim to build a go-to site, Pampers.com contains a wealth of parenting know-how. The majority of said know-how is assembled courtesy of a section called the Pampers Parenting Institute (Vivian Manning, Web Article) Introduction of Pampers in Pakistan:-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In August 2000, Procter Gamble launched Pampers in Pakistan. Local consumers benefit from this globally renowned product that is approved by standards of the Human Safety Reassurance Program and also endorsed by the International Society of Pediatricians. Imported from Saudi Arabia, Pampers is packed locally and aims to provide a better parenting experience to Pakistani mothers. (Official Web Statement) Marketing Mix Analysis:- The set of all controllable tactical marketing tools, product, price, place, and promotions .that a firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. (Kotler, 11 Ed) Marketing mix includes:- Product Price Place Promotion We will analyze all the four categories of Marketing Mix:- First of all we would like to tell about some of the competitors of the Pampers. As Pampers is manufactured by PG in Saudi Arabia and packed in Pakistan, They hold a significant place in the market with some local Competitors Competitors:- Strong competitors:-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is no such string Competitors of Pampers in Pakistan however some new companies recently entered the scene in last few years. Weak Competitors:- In some what weak Competitors following competitors are there:- Baby Master (Comfort plus): Baby master Comfort plus Diapers are made by Z J hygienic products private limited. LG Household Health Care:- LG recently launched its baby diapers in the brand name of Maman Premium Some Foreign Brands:- Foreign brands of Huggies, Luvs Pampers Its self are competitors to Pampers sold in Pakistan, but they are afforded by few people in the country. PRODUCT:- Name:- Pampers Parts of Product (Pampers) Core part or Benefits The core parts or benefits of pampers is it provide baby care, form the very tender age of 2 months to 4 years, Pampers is the brand which introduced the world to the concept of the disposable diaper. Actual parts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Actual parts of Pampers are different sizes of packages which come under the age Category of the child like it ranges from 2 months to 4 years. In Small, Medium, Large sizes Augmentation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Augmented part we can say that Pamper.com international website deals with delicate sensibilities of new parents, this area offers free expert advice through alliances with organizations and Pamper is also the innovator of Pampers Baby care Mobile Clinic, which is a door to door activity that educates Mothers about the key benefits of Pampers and on Baby care tips. Packaging Pampers packaging is done in Pakistan, and the company has introduced many packs for different segments of the markets depending upon the babys age group and weight. Small Pack with 9 baby diapers age ranging from 2 months to 8 months. Medium Pack includes 8 baby diapers age ranging from 10 to 28 months. Large Pack includes 7 baby diapers age ranging from 29 to 40 months Value Packs (Large Packs including 16-20 Diapers in all sizes.) Product Segmentation:- The Company is targeting the common house hold of the country with the firm belief that the company provides the baby care products to its very best. The awareness program is being created by making many health issues seminars and mobile baby care services which guides the mothers to take better care of their new born. Market is very much open for all the competitors, the competitors are competing in the better product survival environment. PLACE:- Distribution (Intermediaries) Channel:- Company uses these levels of Distribution of Pampers:- Distributor:- There is one large distributor in the city (Lahore) .The distribution of the P G products in Lahore city is done by IBL Private limited. Small Distributors:- The Pampers is distributed to the retailers by some small distributors which are defined and are divided on the base of geographical area of the city. Availability:-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pampers are very widely distributed through the group of both the main supplier in the city and small distributors, it is widely available at most retail shops in suburb, towns and pharmacies. Justification:-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The availability of the Pampers in the market is due to the knowledge of the people towards baby care, and pampers really innovates the culture of baby hygiene and care products, this is the main reason of its wide availability in the market. People are more conscious towards the baby health issues and pamper is one of the core product in that regard. PRICE:- Internal Factors Internal factors affecting pricing of Pampers are: Goal and Objectives Companys goals and objectives are to maintain the market share of Pampers and to survive in the market. So company shifts its prices to increase sales and maintain its market position. Cost Aspects Actual Cost:- Cost of production i.e. Cost includes its raw cost of importing from Saudi Arabia and its Packing in Pakistan. Costs involve in transportation of Pampers and its promotional Advertisements. Organizational Consideration The decisions regarding the price of Pampers is undertaken by the mutual consent of PG (Brand Director), Pampers Marketing Managers, Pampers Brand managers and Companies activation manager. The up and down in the price of the Pampers is due to there Competitors price strategy. External Factors Market and Demand Pampers has a stiff competition now a days due to two competitors competing along with Pampers ,In Winter season the demand for the baby diapers Increases so the company follows the promotional price strategy. Competitors Pricing Strategy Competitors price strategy also affects the price and promotional strategy of the Company, but Pampers holds quite good share in the market so Competitors may have the effect on the pricing strategy but t normal extent. Prices Adjustments Techniques Discount Techniques Pampers follows different discounts techniques for the distributors, retailers and consumers. The details are as follows. Distributors PG offer 6% discount to their distributors on Pampers. Retailers Pampers offer Rs. 8 to 10 to the retailers on each Pack offering them the pack for 90 to 92 Rs. Consumers Consumer Price for the Normal Pack in all sizes is Rs 100 and Value Pack is Rs 169 Price Comparison of Pampers with other brands Brands Quantity (No Of Diapers) R.P S.T Consumer Price (Rs) Pampers Normal Pack 7-9 86.9012.10100 Small Size 9 86.9012.10100 Medium Size 8 86.9012.10100 Large Size 7 86.9012.10100 Value Pack(All sizes) 14-18 144.2324.77169 Baby Master Normal Pack 7-9 82 10.1394 Small Size 9 82 10.1394 Medium Size 8 82 10.13 94 Large Size 7 82 10.13 94 LG Maman Diapers Normal Pack 7-9 82 10.1394 Small Size 9 82 10.1394 Medium Size 8 82 10.13 94 Large Size 7 82 10.13 94 Promotion Promotion Mix Advertising:- P G uses extensive promotional tools to promote it product Pampers. The Advertising phenomenon which is used for pampers promotional campaign is Educational Promotion, which means that the advertisements on the media is purposely educative which define the mother child relation ship with the use of Pampers .Most of the adds used in the media educate mothers of how to be better in baby care and to benefit the use of pampers for the toddlers. Objectives of Advertising:- Pampers advertises on television all year round delivering the central message of a nights sleep being essential for a childs growth and development , and the only way to ensure a good nights sleep is to keep the baby dry. Pamper is also the innovator of Pampers Baby care Mobile Clinic, which is a door to door activity that educates Mothers about the key benefits of Pampers and on Baby care tips. Public Relations:- Pampers forms a healthy relationship environment between mothers pampers and child, by building a complete figure of baby care phenomenon. Like recently A product upgrade on Pampers, was announced at a press conference in Karachi .The event also celebrated Pampers successful collaboration with the Pakistan Pediatric Association in delivering child welfare education to the Pakistani mothers. (Press Release Source) Sales Promotion:- Pampers has always offered sales promotions for its customers by introducing the Value Packs from time to time, also offers discounts on its Value packs to strengthen its Sales Promotions. Selection of Media:- Pampers have used all types of media sources available in the country like Television, Radio, Bill boards, poster adds. Marketing Mix Analysis:- Recommendations and Conclusions:- The product mix for Pampers is broad and it contains a deep line. The special feature of Pampers is the new diaper core design including a new dual acquisition system which helps to improve the condition of babys skin through a better dryness performance. The Pampers core takes in urine from the diaper surface after loading. Fast acquisition minimizes babys contact time with the skin. A homogeneous blend of cellulose and a very absorbent material result in efficient distribution of the GM. The storage technology locks the urine away so that it cannot return to the babys skin. Leg elastics, barrier leg cuffs and the waist shield are added to provide greater leakage prevention. The fastening strips allow the diaper to be refastened over and over again. Balsam lotion on the top-sheet provides comfort and moisturizing to babys skin, each time he moves. Furthermore, labeling is also important to Pampers. Every label clearly shows the Pamper logo on its package. Labeling is also used as a way to educate consumers. For example, Pampers had a public campaign educating parents of the importance of placing their baby on their back to sleep to help prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (Back to sleep). The Back to Sleep message was printed on the back of all packages on diapers in order to educate and inform consumers of this serious matter. Pricing:- Pampers is a premium product that has a substitutes available in Pakistan; such as Baby Care, LG Maman Diapers, private and generic brands, Cloth Diapers. Pricing is done so that Pampers is economically affordable by all households. In addition, they use psychological pricing; all of their products prices end with a nine . This makes the consumer feel they are receiving a good value for their money. Pricing is also elastic; consumers may buy a different product if the price of that product is better. This is one reason why Pampers uses competition-based pricing when determining what the price for their products will be. Pampers major competitor is prices for the diapers are basically the same. This helps to maintain their portion of the market share. However, Pampers diaper wipe line costs a little more than Baby Care, LG Maman Diapers which gives Pampers the advantage of focusing on the quality of their diaper wipe line. Distribution for Pampers is intensive, allowing them to reach their target markets; thus staying competitive with their competitors. Pampers can be found in most grocery, convenience, drugstores, and retail stores.. Since Pampers products are convenience products distributing their products in many stores helps Pampers to remain competitive, maintain their market share, and gain a portion of the market as well . As market share of Pampers in Pakistan is 75 % (official website source) The promotional mix of Pampers contains a variety of elements through non personal selling. These elements include advertising, product placement, sales promotions, and public relations. All these methods of promotion are consistent with Pampers message. Advertising is done in magazines that pertain mostly to parenting, TV commercials, and billboards. Recently Pampers decided to cut back on their TV commercial air time and concentrate more of their advertising using product placement (Flint, 2005) Sales promotions are done on a continuous basis with Pampers. These types of promotions most normally include coupons, displays, rewards, and samples. Furthermore, they utilize direct marketing to some extent by brochures, and pamphlets that educate parents about their childs development stage while promoting and informing consumers about their products. PG in Pakistan, produces bar soaps and repacks bulk shampoos into sachets and bulk Pampers into smaller Pampers packs Pampers uses public relations throughout its entire global market. They make donations to many causes and are associated with many prominent organizations in Pakistan. Like They Step up to provide services to Earth Quake Hit areas last year in Pakistan. They have an global website for parents and healthcare professionals that help educate them on many aspects of babies and toddlers. Pampers has been successful in developing a well integrated communications strategy. Their message is consistent and they have coordinated their promotions to ensure that the consumers are well informed about their products. By educating parents about the developmental stages from newborn to toddler, Pampers has been able to successfully promote it products at the same time. Indicated Action/Recommended Changes:- Even though Pampers has a well built strategy in place, there is always room for improvement. Two areas where improvements could be implemented are in extending their product line and developing new promotional strategies. Their product line could be extended to include bath products such as baby soap and shampoo for the baby. This would be good in educating parents the importance of teaching cleanliness to their babies. Some what high prices of Pampers could not extensively attract the low income people in Pakistan, We recommend that Pampers could introduce the Value pack of 5 Diapers for 50 Rs, to attract the most part of population, The cost may be very large initially, but we think that this change will work wonder in long run for the Pampers ever bright future in Pakistan, People with low income use to buy open pamper pack , like one or two piece at a time, and retailers benefit this opportunity by charging high prices it could be made publicly beneficial by introducing small packs containing 2 -3 diapers. Lastly, Pampers could promote their product a little more vigorously. For example, to gain new customers and keep loyal customer they could place a coupon for diapers on their package or inside the package of diapers. This could help increase sales since fewer customers would want to switch to another brand that has a better price. Even though they do have the rewards program for purchasing Pampers, not all customers get to reap these benefits due to lack of internet or just not being aware of the program. Coupons would give all the fair chance of being rewarded by saving money when they purchase their products

Explore the different types of leadership Golding and Garland present E

Explore the different types of leadership Golding and Garland present in Lord of the Flies and The Beach. In Lord of the Flies and The Beach many leadership qualities are shown. These qualities are shown in different ways for example one leader is elected by democracy, another is self-appointed and lastly there is the destructive leader. Lord of the Flies was written in 1954. A time when commercialisation was not an issue and media hype only had subtle effects of society. The Beach was written in 1996, American globalisation has begun and the media played a massive part in society. I will look at how the different time may affect the way in which a leader reacts. The most obvious resemblance between the novels is the setting and the isolation of the islands yet there is a differentiation in that the boys in Lord of the Flies are stranded and are forced to try and survive where they don’t really want to be. The Characters in The Beach have chosen to be isolated in such surroundings and don’t want to leave. For them it is not a matter of survival. In both novels the leadership and order of their close-knit communities is similar, the way both societies morals decline and the introduction of violent behaviour is the start of their destruction. Although they bare resemblance they are very different. I will look at how the leaders affect this. Firstly I will look at what makes a good leader, I will then look at each character in turn and establish the different types of leadership Golding and Garland present in Lord of the Flies and The Beach. What makes a good leader? It has been said that some are born with the right qualities and some develop them. Whether nature or nurture a good leader should alwa... ...le attributes for a leader only this is the only leadership quality Jed holds. In conclusion, I believe that Sal was the most suitable leader although being selfish at heart, all she cared about was the beach, which in effect was a good thing. Bugs simply did as Sal said so I doubt in a tough situation alone Bugs would be able to make calm and good decisions. Richard obviously is not really a contender for any type of leadership because of his childishness and uncaring nature. After comparing and analyzing the leadership in both novels I have evidence to believe that a personality such as Ralph’s would always be best for a leadership placement. He is compassionate, forward thinking and loyal. Both novels show mans natural instinct to resort to destructive violence, Ralph is the only exception to this and is the most focused character from both novels.

Examine the Key Ideas of Situation Ethics

Examine the Key Ideas of Situation Ethics (21 Marks) In this essay, I am going to examine the key features of Situation Ethics. Situation Ethics is a teleological theory that resolves ethical and moral issues relative to the situation and was developed at a time when society and the church were facing drastic and permanent change. It is most commonly associated with Joseph Fletcher and J. A. T Robinson and also William Barclay.Situation Ethics is also considered to be the method of ethical decision making that states that you must consider â€Å"noble love† (agape) in decision making and that a moral decision is correct if it is the most loving thing to do. The theory is based upon this idea of agape love which is defined by William Barclay as â€Å"unconquerable good will†. Situation Ethics developed during the 1960s and the post war generation was a great influence on this. Between the end of the Second World War and the end of the 1960s, Western Europe and North Amer ica were socially, culturally and morally transformed.Up until the 1960s, many people still followed the â€Å"old fashioned† approach of Divine Command Ethics where by people obeyed the Bible and the teachings presented in them. People believed that by following the teachings of God as directly revealed by Him through scripture and the Church, they were doing good. However, by the 1960s all this changed. This quote was produced in 1966: â€Å"Greater independence; more money†¦the weakening of family bonds and religious influences; the development of earlier maturity, physically, emotionally and mentally; the impact of modern books, television and periodicals†. Sex and Morality, SCM,). This study blamed many things on the fact that many people were turning away from the Church’s rules during the 1960s and more towards abandoning rules. The world was becoming more secular and people had stopped listening to the Church and their teachings on what was ethicall y right. During the 1960s, society and the Church were facing drastic and permanent change. By 1966, women occupied an increasingly prominent place in the work force and there was a universal shock of the foundation of the contraceptive pill. This allowed young women to have sex whenever and with whoever they pleased.The sacred bonds of marriage started to break as more people saw this as a chance to have sex without having to be in a secure marriage or even a relationship. This sexual revolution of non-marital sex caused the levels of promiscuity to rise drastically as paternalism, authority, law and government were ditched. Other moral perspectives that changed the latter half of the 20th Century included fashion, music, politics and the view of religion. The drastic cultural and social changes during the 1960s caused a conflicting reaction by the Church.The British Council of Churches ordered a Working Party on Sex, Marriage and the Family to suggest how a Christian position on s ex and marriage can be communicated to the community. As a result, in 1964, the British Council of Churches, on the advice of its advisory group on Sex, Marriage and the Family, appointed a Working Party that set out to â€Å"Prepare a Statement of the Christian case for abstinence from sexual intercourse before marriage and faithfulness within marriage†¦and to suggest means whereby the Christian position may be effectively presented to the various sections of the Community† (Sex and Morality, SCM, 1966).J. A. T Robinson was a New Testament scholar, author and former Anglican Bishop of Woolwich, England. In 1963, he published his highly controversial book â€Å"Honest to God† which changed people’s perspective of God. As a result of this publication, it caused the Church to be thrown into disagreement. This in turn caused the traditional church to be shaken at its very roots. Robinson challenged the idea of the traditional and conservative view of God. He s aid that Situation Ethics was for â€Å"Man come of age†. In other words, it was for people who were moving away from having to be told what to do by God.As a result, it was right in the middle of Antinomianism and Legalism (which I will discuss later). Robinson and Paul Tillich suggested that God could be understood as ‘the ground of our being’, of ultimate significance, but not a â€Å"dues ex machine†, a supernatural being who intervenes in the world from outside it. In other words God is part of people not this almighty being who gives instructions for us to follow. Fletcher (who I will discuss later) used examples from the Bible to show that a strict application of rules was no longer needed and was in line with whatJesus thought too. Fletcher used quotes from the Bible as an illustration of old versus new morality. He used the example of the adulterous woman when Jesus saved her from being stoned to death even though the law permitted it. This situat ion is a clear example of Personalism which Fletcher used to illustrate his theory. Another example that Fletcher identified from the Bible was when Jesus confronted the Pharisees over what the Sabbath Day was intended for. In order to follow strict Jewish law absolutely nothing could be done on this day, often to the detriment of people.Jesus wanted people to follow the spirit in which God had given the law rather than following it and acting immorally in some cases. Whilst Fletcher described agape love as the only intrinsically good thing, William Barclay defined agape love as â€Å"unconquerable good will; it is the determination to seek the other man’s highest good, no matter what he does to you†¦nothing but good will. It has been defined as purpose, not passion. It is an attitude to the other person. † This kind of love is highly demanding or as Barclay suggested, â€Å"a highly intelligent thing. Situation Ethics can be applied more to the issue of divorce than the application of oral judgement that divorce is â€Å"always wrong†. Robinson questioned the conservative view of marriage that it is a supernatural unbreakable bond. This idea of marriage for Robinson was too out dated. He believed that it was time for humans to enter into their maturity and seek liberty from such supranaturalist thinking and while allowing the past experience to guide them, be ready to leave behind the restrictions of the old moral law if love was best served by doing so.Joseph Fletcher was an American professor who founded the theory of Situation Ethics in the 1960s. He stated that â€Å"we need to educate people to the idea that the quality of life is more important than the length of life. † Fletcher’s Situation Ethics was based on the New Testament teaching of agape. His work reflected the social change of the 1960’s and centred around the principle of â€Å"Love your neighbour as yourself† (Matthew 22:37). Fletcher ma intained that there were three different ways of making moral decisions. These three approaches to morality were Legalism, Antinomianism and Situationism.He stated that Legalism was a conservative, rule-based morality focused on unalterable laws. Antinomianism was defined as the polar opposite to Legalism – the lawless or unprincipled approach. He also stated that Situationism was a midway between the two other positions and that the Situationalist is prepared to set aside rules if love seems better served by doing so. According to Fletcher, â€Å"The situationist follows a moral law or violates it according to the need†. Fletcher also rejects Legalism because it cannot accommodate ‘exceptions’ to the rule.In addition to this, he also rejects Antinomianism for the reason that it provides no foundation with which to evaluate one’s morality and offers no justification as to why people should live in any other way than they want to. Fletcher proposed a key principle with which to guide moral decision-making rather than rules. This primary principle is that of acting in the most loving way. A fitting quote that is included in the Bible is that â€Å"Christ Jesus†¦abolished the law with its commandments and legal claims† (Ephesians 2:13-15). Fletcher proposed that we should follow the way Jesus taught us to, with unselfish love or agape.Jesus declared that we should â€Å"†¦love the Lord God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your strength and with all your mind; and your neighbour as yourself† (Luke 10:27). Fletcher also proposed four presuppositions of Situation Ethics which are the criteria by which this theory is determined and acted upon. They are Pragmatism, Relativism, Positivism and Personalism. The first presupposition is Pragmatism which demands that a proposed course of action should work and that its success or failure should be judged according to the principle.This is pra ctical and works because Legalism and Antinomianism do not. The second presupposition is Relativism which rejects such absolutes such as â€Å"never†, â€Å"always†, â€Å"perfect† and â€Å"complete†. The principle of love is applied relative to each situation so that an appropriate response is made. Situationism is not the same as Antinomianism because the ultimate criterion is â€Å"agapeic love†. Love is the constant in all situations, unlike laws which work for some things but not others. The third presupposition is Positivism which recognises that love is the most important criterion of all.Situation Ethics recognises that love is the most important thing when making a moral choice and echoes the sentiments of the Bible. Therefore, the decision to act in a loving way is a choice we make beforehand based on the notion that other ways do not work, not because we have proved Situationism â€Å"works† prior to the event. The fourth presupp osition is Personalism which demands that people should be put first. Fletcher emphasised the fact that ethics deals with human relations and should therefore put people at the centre.Fletcher also believed that Legalism fails to appreciate that people exist in a social context and that any decision must be beneficial to the wider community rather than just the individual. Where Legalism fails to recognise the complexity of ethical decision-making, Antinomianism fails to recognise the responsibility ethical decision-making has to the wider community. In addition to the four presuppositions, Fletcher also detailed in explaining how agape should be understood and how it applied to the theory of Situation Ethics by using the six working principles.The first working principle is the idea that love is always good. This states that there is no action or moral rule that is good in itself. An action is good only in so far as it brings about agape. Love is intrinsically valuable, it has inhe rent worth. Nothing else has intrinsic value. The second working principle is that love is the only norm or rule and therefore, love replaces the law. The law should only be obeyed in the interests of love and not for the law’s sake. Fletcher rejected Natural Law. He said â€Å"there are no [natural] universal laws held by all men everywhere at all times†.Jesus summarised the entire Jewish law by saying â€Å"love God† and â€Å"love your neighbour†. In the third working principle, Fletcher stated how love and justice are the same. This idea was unique to Fletcher, who claimed that justice is the giving to every person what is their due, and that as the one thing due to everyone is love, then love and justice are the same. Therefore, there can be no love without justice and as a result cannot be parted. For the fourth working principle, Fletcher outlined the idea that love is not liking and that love is discerning and critical, not sentimental.As agape wa s not an emotion, it did not need to include liking. The fifth working principle includes the statement that love justifies the means. Situation Ethics is a teleological theory that identifies the end outcome of an action as the means of assessing its moral worth. Therefore, as a result, it implies that anything might be done if it brings about the most loving action. Lastly, the sixth working principle of, love decides there and then describes how there are no rules about what should or shouldn’t be done, in each situation; you decide there and then what the most loving thing to do is.Fletcher developed his theory by drawing on a wide range of cases that could not be resolved by applying fixed rules and principles. He used examples including the burning house and time to only save one person, your father or a doctor with the formulae for a cure for a killer disease in his head alone. Fletcher also drew on situations that he had experienced firsthand, but most of all he would act situationally to help people.

Horses of the Night Notes Essay

Vanessa was 6 years old, and Shallow Creek was a very cold environment o†No leaves grew†¦breath of seals and polar bears snuffled out steamily and turned to ice† – IMAGERY †¢Chris was fifteen when Vanessa met him †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦let him stay at the Brick House.† ïÆ'Ÿ significance? †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦high low-sweeping spruce trees shutting out the sun with their dusky out-fanned branches.† (pg 283) – IMAGERY †¢Ã¢â‚¬ At last the front screen door was hurled open and Grandfather Connor strode into the house, followed by a tall lanky boy.† (page 283) – IMAGERY †¢Chris’s physical appearance – â€Å"Grey eyes were slightly slanted, and his hair the colour of couchgrass at the end of summer when it has been bleached to a light yellow by the sun.† (pg 284) †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦warmly but shyly.† – irony/oxymoron †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦,looking as granite as a statue in the cemetery.† – SIMILIE †¢Ã¢â‚¬ He’d been lucky to get it, if you ask me anything, Wilf’s family hasn’t got two cents to rub together†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg 285) – grandparents are extremely judgemental of Chris’s family, shows that Chris isn’t the same â€Å"social† class as them †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦curled into the bay window like a black giant seashell.† – SIMILE †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ just as though he had not heard a word my grandfather was saying.† – shows that Chris had high tolerance †¢Ã¢â‚¬ He simply appeared to be absent.† ïÆ'Ÿ significant? †¢Ã¢â‚¬ The trees were still growing, and the leaves were firmly and greenly on them. The branches has been coaxed into formations of towers and high-up nests where you could look out and see for a hundred miles or more.† – IMAGERY †¢The lake was full of fantasy creatures – water monsters, creatures with necks like snakes, rooster’s comb, hard leather tough. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Two riding horses† & â€Å"He missed the horses†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ïÆ'   any significance/reference to title of story †¢Story takes place during The Great Depression †¢Vanessa was nine when Chris left Manawaka, mentions Brick House again †¢Ã¢â‚¬ he was not at Shallow Creek. He has not gone abck†¦ northbound train at the first stop after manawaka, cashed his ticker and thumbed a life with a truck to Winnepeg† – shows Chris’s ambition †¢Aunt Edna – unemployed because insurance company cut down staff, moved back to Manawaka †¢Vanessa’s brother, Roderick was born the year Grandmother Connor died o†The strangeness , the unbelievability, of both these events took up all of me.† page 291 †¢When Vanessa was eleven, Chirs returned to Manawaka oChris’s appearance did not change – â€Å"the same knife-boned face with no flesh to speak of† †¢Chris was a travelling salesman who sold vacuums – tried to sell Vanessa’s mother a vacuum, but failed (they couldn’t afford one) †¢Chris then sells magazines, and said he would earn $100 in a month if every sixth person subscribed †¢Chris then produces wool products (socks) with an old-fashioned sewing machine oThinks he hit jackpot – |I think this thing could be quite a gold mine.† †¢Vanessa’s father dies †¢Chris is unemployed again because there were no jobs on the market †¢Ã¢â‚¬ The grass that shone like green wavering light while the horses flew in the splendour of their pride.† ïÆ'   significant? †¢Ã¢â‚¬ He looked different, not only thinner†¦ face and neck were tanned red-brown†¦ wearing denims, farm pants, and a blue plaid shirt.† – Chris became a farmer †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe limousine’s over here.’ It was a wagon and two horses† – IRONY †¢ â€Å"Youngsters swam in and out of the house like shoals of nameless fishes.† – SIMILE †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ hardly see the food for the iridescent-winged blue-black bodies squirming all over it.† – IMAGERY †¢ â€Å"The lake was not lonely or unthreatened†¦ I looked at the grey reaches of it and held threatened. It was like a view of God which I had held since my father’s death.† page 296 †¢ â€Å"‘How much brighter the stars are when you’re completely away from any houses?’ †¦ ‘I guess most people don’t give them much thought at all, except maybe to say – very pretty – or like that †¦ They’re gigantic†¦Ã¢â‚¬  – page 297 †¢Chris was 21 and was sent to the army – â€Å"Chris left Shallow Creek some months after the war began.† (page 299) †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ my mother heard from Aunt Tess. Chris had been sent home from England, discharged from the Army because of a mental breakdown. He was now in the provincial mental hospital.† p.299 osignificant because Chris loses his mind †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Animation gone from his face.† †¢Ã¢â‚¬ All his life’s choices had been grown narrower and narrower† †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Only to be a turmoil which appalled him and which he dreaded†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Useless strokes of fantasy against a depression that was both the world’s and his own† ïÆ'   SIGNIFICANT †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Slowly, slowly, horses of the night-† – TITLE †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Night must move like this for him †¦ land he journeyed through was inhabited by terrors, the old monster-kings of the lake, or whether he had discovered at last a way for himself to make the necessary dream perpetual† ïÆ'   SIGNIFICANT *** ________________________________________ Vocab – detested, sweltering, cameo, equanimity, simpleton, bludgeoning, wisecrack, malevolent, chivvying, illicitly, jubilant, spiel, overshoes, pronouncements, subterraneon oracle, utterances, engrossed, torrent, fortnight, pallid-eyed, monosyllabic, saurian, perpetual View as multi-pages